Techniques for Building Strong Customer Relationships

Your first strategy to building a strong customer relationship could be to make every customer interaction count. Don’t take a single customer for granted. Each and every interaction with a customer is a gift and should be valued. You can achieve that by setting up a focus group made up of loyal customers. A focus group can be a vital tool to getting into the mind of your customers and knowing their needs. Another strategy is to really listen to customers. Even complaints can be a gift if handled properly and quickly. Be available and accessible when customers have questions, concerns, or comments. Humans always look for someone to talk to or share their problems with, and if you can listen more to your customers, you will end up knotting the bond between the customer and your business. I think one of the strongest strategies that are important would be to build a strong brand identity. Make it easy for your customers to identify your business or products in the midst of the crowd. Create a winning slogan, tagged with a catchy logo and a unique theme. Most importantly, make a specific promise and deliver on that promise. One of my favorites is to reward loyal customers as a strategy. This is a point that can never be over emphasized, because most businesses go after new customers while forgetting that the existing customers need to be taken care of. Introducing a loyalty program is a very effective relationship marketing strategy. Creating long lasting relationships helps to ensure long-lasting customers and repeat sales. Nothing strengthens a bond more than appreciation, and thanking customers for sticking to your brand will go a long way to make them know they are important. A simple thank you package might be all your business needs to connect personally with your existing customers. Customers want to know that they are valued and appreciated as an individual. Showing existing customers that value and appreciation encourages them to refer their colleagues, friends, and others to your business.

How Langston Hughes exemplifies the African American Essay

Abstract Prejudice is the key feature in the authors theme. He wants to tell away about how people singles out people based on these people appearances, racial background affiliations and social ranking. Harper Lee has done well to show how the stigmatized people are innocent and oblivious of the prejudices against them. It is common knowledge that it’s way off to kill a mocking bird. The mocking bird in Harpers story is Boo Radley. Boo has not indulged in any harmful activities nor hurt anyone across the social Diaspora. However, Boo is looked down upon due to his social rankings and looks. However, Harper is also determined to show that prejudice is not in any way such a big deal in a sidelined person’s life. He shows courage and human dignity. This is well understood from the actions and feelings of Boo Radley. Prejudice, the self and the Character of Boo To Kill a Mockingbird identifies Arthur Radley as a courageous person. He saw evil in people who committed evil; he sought after positive projections in the society and wished better life for everyone. He is a patriotic and wonderful person. We identify perception about him through the children, they though he was evil based on the rumor ‘he struck his parent with scissors and wiped the bloody scissors with his pants which means he attempted murdering them These rumors scare Jem and Scout and make them eye Boo suspiciously. He is a fearful figure but confident. His character shows self assuredness and focus. Boo is mockingbird, he knows it and is keen on projecting himself as a steadfast and good citizen though looked down as an outcast of Maycomb. Boo has courage and hope. He has been locked away in his house just like Tom who was accused of rape (Lee, 195). Similar prejudices befall Boo, he saves Atticus children and no one looks at if it as anything of importance. However Lee advices against this in pg 90 when he says ‘Shoot all the blue jays you want, if u can hit ‘em, but remember it’s a sin to kill a mockingbird’ (Lee 90).   Killing a mocking bird is also seen when the sheriff is not honest about the death of Bob Ewell. Ewell was stabbed as Boo tried to save Atticus kids. Boo is not convicted for his good deed since the sheriff declares that Ewell fell on his knife and died. Boo indeed sacrificed himself for Jem and Scout. People in Maycomb make wild allegations about him just because he doest seem fit to be one of them. However, we see perseverance, a lot of tolerance and a focus to remain loyal and committed to do good things in Boo. In spite of this prejudice, he serves and helps people. He is kind and a role model. In the book Lee exemplifies these attributes through Boo wrapping a blanket on Scout (Lee p.46).   Boo is also charged with the rape of Mayella Ewell. This is an indication of prejudice, but he doesn’t seem to be in bad terms with his detractors. He is focused on being positive minded. The burning of Maudie’s house is another picturesque that projects the good side of Boo. Boo pities, feels and seeks after doing good rather than watch and laugh as people enjoy ruin Conclusion A mocking bird is more of a social asset rather than a mocking object. We should have a very positive attitude towards people, stop being racist and quit playing apartheid practices. Boo exemplifies exemplary behavior and showcases respect to elders and all other social members without prejudice. We should uphold and force it down to our children and emulate positive attitudes as exemplified by Boo Source Lee Harper (1930)To Kill a Mockingbird   

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 25

Economics - Essay Example 80% CR means the four largest firms produce 80% of the total output while the small firms produce only 20%of the output. Hence, the first and second cases can be described as monopolistic competition and oligopoly respectively (Auerbach, 1998). 2. A high CR for an industry shows that a high concentration of the industry is held by the four largest firms. In other words, the industry is concentrated. At the same time, low CR shows that there are many rivals in the industry while none of them have significant market share. This means that there is high competition in the industry. The reasons for the differences in concentration ratio are identified as economies of scale, entry barriers, compliance with an acceptable code of conduct, mergers, government policy, technological change, vertical integration and market growth (Hay and Morris, 1991).Based on these factors, the market for one industry has low CR and other has high CR. In the high CR industries , the entry barriers will be high, there will be established brands and high product differentiation as well as high profits .In the low CR industries, the entry barriers will be low and under favorable price conditions, newcomers will be encouraged here. 3. In the case of industry with 30% CR, when the demand for the product rises and pushes up the price of the good, new firms will enter the market in the long run. This is because the industry is monopolistically competitive. The production will increase and there will be cost stabilization at the initial levels. Consequently, there will be convergence of the profit rate of firms to same competitive return on capital with differences in risk aside in the long run. Thus, in the long run, there is a tendency to move towards perfect competition in this case with CR being very low (Oster, 1994). 4. In the case of industry with 80% CR, when the demand for product increases and pushes up the price, there will be an

Downsizing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Downsizing - Essay Example Downsizing would seem a better option out of the two which Terry Wilson can choose between downsizing and expanding his business realms. Downsizing would cut down on the costs while expanding his business would mean that he would have to incur more costs. Hence a better alternative under this scenario would be to lay off those employees whom he thinks are incapable of delivering the goods when the going gets tough for Tuscan Treasures. Keeping in line with the discussion here, the growth strategy that would work to good effect here would be one of downsizing. It will handle all the situations related with the employees and bring to a single level the cost issue where it starts getting out of hand. Another growth strategy would be to cut down on extra costs which would mean more incentives for the organization in the long run. This would mean that the organization grows as a whole and keeps its costs under a certain level. The third growth strategy which could be used here comprises of the diversification within small business domains but not actually expanding the business. This shall bring forth more profits for the company than it is getting at the present. The possible causes of Wilson’s company’s decline include the fact that there are significant issues which need to be resolved at the earliest. The employees are being delegated tasks well and hence not being given their share within the organizational settings.

Human development Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Human development - Essay Example The sensorimotor stage starts from birth until 2 years of age. Preoperational stage lasts from the time child learns to talk to 7 seven years of age. From the start of school going age to adolescence is the concrete stage. Formal Operation is the stage of cognitive learning during adolescence. Lev Vygotsky’s theory of cognition relates cognition to be product of cultural influence on an individual thought. 2. What is a script (in relation to memory)? At what age to we typically begin to develop scripts? How might a script both support memory and interfere with memory? The term script was coined in relation to memory by Jack and Roepstorff. It is a response by the brain that allows the individual to retain particular information and regard it as relevant or irrelevant. It helps decide the brain to choose among what to retain and what to ignore (Frackowiak 1997). Children can develop scripts as early as 3 years of age, by forming a sequence of events and then recalling them the next time they are in that situation (Sigelman et al 2009). Scripts form the basis of memory as children recall more details of the events as their scripts become richer.

Geology formation in the oil fields Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Geology formation in the oil fields - Essay Example Crude oil is a product of pressure, organic matter from ancient living creatures and certain formation of the rocks in the strata. The porous and permeable rock reservoirs are the collection point of the hydrocarbon fuels. This is possible due the accumulation of these liquid oil and gases such as methane and shale gas. There are however some important factors that ensure the conditions are right for the formation of the crude oil. These factors include the existence of what are referred to as source rocks, reservoir rocks, traps and oil and gas seals. Each of the named features should definitely be present in order for the conditions to be optimal and to allow the proper formation of crude oil. Oil and naturally occurring gas come from certain types of rocks. These rocks are sedimentary in type and were deposited in water during the changing phases of the transformation of the Earth. These rocks are known as source rocks. Mineral fragments, remains of organic substrates, and moistur e. When this type of rocks experience a lot of pressure and heat from the compressing by other layers of rock. The term sedimentary comes from the characteristic of the rock to be formed from sediments, these include organic matter. The sedimentary rocks were usually deposited as soil or mud at the bottom of lakes and oceans. This excessive pressure forces the organic matter from the sedimentary rocks to start to be heated and when the right temperatures reach oil and gases are expelled from these rocks.

Human Resource Management - You have been recently appointed by the Essay

Human Resource Management - You have been recently appointed by the board to act as a 'Strategic Business Partner' to help t - Essay Example This has caused the supervisor to abuse power and practice nepotism. The organizational hierarchy of Homecare Housing Association (HHA) is complex and ineffective. This essay seeks to analyze the organizational issues affecting HHA for the last two years. The essay also seeks to come up with the appropriate recommendations to avert further organizational turmoil. The top management of the organization is entirely out of touch with the employees. Organizational leadership is meant to be inspirational through shared values and goals. The organizational leadership in HHA functions through coercion and instilling fear. Most leaders are obsessed with self preservation. The result is that employees are left with a sense of confusion and lack of direction. The Homecare Housing association is suffering from lethargy and declining organizational commitment. Rampant job quitting and increased staff turnover are a sign of low job satisfaction. The organization is stuck to policies that have bee n overtaken with time. The organizational policies that led to a strong performance over a decade ago have not been altered. This means the organization unable to adapt to the changing needs. Some of the changes include a large workforce and increased responsibilities. The social climate in the organization is unhealthy. The organization has a weak reward management system. Homecare Housing association has coercive and flat systems. The organization has uniform feedback system which is dysfunctional. This has caused inconsistency and difficulties in the execution of roles. The expressed values and the actual values are not the same. This explains why the policy framework stated in the organizational strategic paper is not implemented when it comes to quality assessment and enforcement. The employees are not involved in the decision making process. The human resource management lacks a clear strategy of getting the employee and the client views of the quality of services delivered by the workers. The conflicts between and values have contributed to uncertainty in the Homecare Housing Association. The customers and employees have conflicts that reveal declining personnel motivation. The organization is suffering from little or no innovation. The organization has no incentives for innovation and risk taking. The value reward system is weak; this has affected the morale of the employees. The human resource management has not established communication between various units or bases. The employees between one unit and another hardly communicate on progressive organizational matters. The high turnover rates in the organization are a clear sign that the organization is losing its competitive edge (Locke and Latham 2002). The organization has been losing its employees to other market players who have better terms and conditions. The human resource management has been accused of favoritism. The subordinates have not voice when it comes to resource allocation. There are concerns that the favoritism is affecting the shift allocation system where supervisors allocate the best shifts to their friends. Homecare is about service delivery and client satisfaction. The clients have expressed concerns of neglect and poor treatment. The organizational culture in Homecare Housing association is bogged down by partisan interest of a religious nature. There is an argument that some of the employees have anti-Jewish sentiments. In a multicultural

Teacher Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Teacher Evaluation - Essay Example There are teachers who don't teach very well according to my evaluation but still students are able to score high grades in their courses. Hence the greatest challenge while teaching is to measure the effectiveness of a teacher. The evaluation process used is quite simple. The process includes the evaluation of the average grade report of the class the teacher is teaching. There is a separate teacher's evaluation form that is filled by each and every student, without their names. I regularly inspect classes and the way teachers are teaching. All these methods combine to give us a clear picture of how the teacher is teaching and help us to evaluate his or her performance. From my point of view a regular visit of 5 to 10 minutes in a class by a principle is good enough to inspect a teacher but then the principle has to make sure the visit is unannounced, which will give the principle a clear view of what is happening (Danielson & McGreal, 2000). Long observing hours distract the students and teachers both hence short and regular observing periods are most suitable. Well there are a number of settings, for example a teacher assigns some work to the students and then we observe how is he or she helping the students in completing their work, it shouldn't be overdone like the teacher shouldn't help the student too much or too less. There should be a balance. Then a teacher is observed while giving a lecture to check on the methods that are being used, we prefer interactive lectures that keep the students interest, boring and less interactive sessions are of no help to the teacher and the students both. These settings are important as being a teacher is not that difficult but handling situations and maintaining the interest of the class in a lecture are two difficult things that a good teacher must learn. We can learn how well the teacher is at maintaining healthy relationships plus a good teacher will always have a scheduled life. An effective teacher would always be motivating people around as that's how he treats the students in his or her class. A teacher should be polite and should listen to each and everyone. We don't often use conferencing techniques while evaluating a teacher but in some cases where problems are being faced by the students and no possible solution is being derived and the root cause is not being caught, we prefer conferencing. The teacher goes through a brief meeting with the principle and other higher staff members like the vice principle and the coordinator. The primary concern for holding a teacher incompatible to teach in any class is the fact that the students do not understand the core concepts of the course and the overall grades are lower than expected. After the initial assessment of the teacher we predict an average grade of the class keeping in mind the ability of the students and the past trends. If the grades are higher or lower than expected we conduct an evaluation of the reasons for that and then accordingly change our evaluations about the teacher. If the teacher is performing at a higher level than expected we do promote the teacher in terms of the class and rewards are also given, in case a teacher does not want renewal of contract than a meeting is held where the vice principal the coordinator and the principle talk to the teacher for the reasons of this demand and try to make every possible

Marketing Communications Plan and Presentation Essay

Marketing Communications Plan and Presentation - Essay Example Samsung are targeting low income category but Ipad still remains the market leader due to its high quality and high speed. Ipad needs to target companies in order for them to remain the market leader. Apple is focusing on increasing its Ipad sales and in the recent past it has opened outlets in other countries like China and Japan (Fill, 2002). Category After a survey, where five people were asked to compare Apple and other tablet manufacturers, apple was rated as the best in tablet manufacturing. The respondents said that apples products including the ipad were the best since they are able to meet almost all of their demands. Ipad has the highest processor speed of all the tablets in the market, the reason why it is the market leader. This is according to the respondents of the interview as seen in the appendix (Halborg, 2001). Benefit Most of the tablet customers are looking for speed, long battery life and an elegant and smart tablet for their day to day activities. Ipad is a uniq ue product in the market it gives its users all these. Ipad accessories are compatible with other hardware from other manufacturers therefore are easy to maintain and use as compared to other tablets in the market like the Samsung galaxy. Ipad take less time to boot compared to other products like windows tablets. Ipads are less prone to computer virus compared to others like the Samsung galaxy (Nash, 2000). IDU analysis Importance Importance refers to the significance of the benefits to the fundamental motivation. It is good to know that a benefit assumes importance if it motivates the consumer to purchase it. It is therefore the role of Apple to aggressively market its ipad product so as to remain a market leader and also help the consumer perceive the ipad as important in their life. The consumer should be convinced that the ipad will solve some if not all of his digital problems. Compared to other brands in the market, ipad is perceived as an important product in the market. Ipa d is seen as the most unique amongst the other tablets due to its unique features. From the survey, respondents said that ipad is important to them as it has a longer battery life compared with the Samsung galaxy (Schultz, 2000). Delivery This is the perception that the product, ipad, has the ability to provide the benefits to the consumer. Apple should convince its customers that ipad has the ability to fulfill the expected benefits. Ipad has successfully earned this perception as most of the respondents used in the survey said they preferred ipad to other brands in the market. Most of the respondents said ipad has a high ability to delivery as compared to Samsung galaxy and android (Shimp, 1993). Uniqueness This is the perception of a brand/product to deliver on the benefit relatively better than its substitutes. Ipad is definitely a unique brand in the market according to the respondents in the survey. Ipad has a longer life battery compared to android and Samsung galaxy. Ipad ta kes less time to boot as compared to the android and Microsoft tablet. Ipad is also less prone to virus compared to others tablets in the market. This uniqueness is a strong selling point for the ipad, and Apple should always endeavor to ensure that the ipad is always unique in the market (Tannenbaum, 1994). Positioning statement Product positioning involves creation and maintenance of a unique perception of a product in the customers mind; this will help in increasing the

Australian ICT Framework and Mobile Device Management Essay

Australian ICT Framework and Mobile Device Management - Essay Example The legal frameworks aid reliability in the procurement processes of service provision in all the different Australian governments, i.e. the federal, state and territorial governments. This also helps in underpinning enterprise architecture in the entire Australian government (Saha, 2009). The current ICT infrastructure in Australia requires improvement to help achieve the creation of a whole-of-government Australian Public Service (APS) ICT career structure, which entails training and development programs for information technology professionals. ICT improvement also helps in developing and maintaining an information technology whole-of-government strategic workforce plan. ICT policies and frameworks help in the effective management of government and private data, and the protection of the government data from unauthorized accesses and misuse (Hart & Diane, 2007). The need for ICT legal framework and policies is to regulate the different types of governments, and create an easier wa y to monitor them. Every Australian is entitled to freedom of information access as per the Freedom of Information Act 1982, which guides the legislative basis of the release of government information. However, some of the information needs privacy and confidentiality, and hence demands protection. This ensures that the unauthorized access of information is reduced, whereby the necessary precautions are applied to strictly allow for classified information access to authorized or accredited personnel only. The main principles of the Australian enterprise ICT framework and policies is the need to know, which is applied to all official information, and the need to protect government information. This ensures the proper information access platforms and protects the divulgement of information within the government or from a foreign government. There is the enhancement of legal proceedings through privileged information access to legal professionals in the justice and legal system of the government (Hart & Diane, 2007). The presence of information technology Acts and policies provides the necessary foundation and benchmarks for the Australian governments to facilitate the smooth functioning of the country’s ICT sector. There are whole-of-government ICT policy frameworks guided by the Financial Management and Accountability Act (FMA) of 1997. The ICT Customization and Bespoke Development policy outlines compliance requirements for FMA Act agencies, and strengthens government arrangements for ICT Customization and Bespoke development. The Australian government has the legal enterprise ICT framework for enhancing and ensuring e-security. There is the core Cyber Security Requirement Policy for ICT driven proposals that requires agencies to access and address cyber security risks, and ensure that all businesses prepared through ICT-based proposals comply with the Australian government’s Cyber Security policies. This is aimed at achieving core cyber security for the smooth running of agencies and the government at large, through a smooth and safe flow and storage of information (Saha, 2009). The ICT Strategic Workforce plan is a core policy that entails the current expertise and capabilities of the APS ICT workforce, and the agency capabilities required in the delivery of government priorities. It guides the shift of ICT short term objectives and factors into medium and long term goals. There is also the Opt-Out policy for the whole-of-government ICT arrangements that has changed the opt-in self approvement by agencies into the

Similarties and Differences Essay Example for Free

Similarties and Differences Essay Every day in real life we go through a many struggles ranging from man vs. man, man vs. himself and even man vs. nature. The most common struggle we all face is that of man versus man. In the short stories â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carter and Ernest Hemmingway’s â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the main principal of the story is that of man versus man. In both short stories 3 characters are used, but in each story each character is completely different than the other. â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† share similarities and differences with the main principal of man versus man and the reasoning behind why one man is against the other. Both stories also share similarities and differences in their setting and the most significant differences both stories have is the resolution. In â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† 3 main characters are used. In each story, one character is the antagonist (the man going against the other) and the protagonist. In â€Å"Cathedral† the main characters are the wife, the husband, and Robert. The husband is the antagonist while Robert is the protagonist. In â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the three main characters are a customer who is an old man, a young waiter and older waiter. The younger waiter is the antagonist in while the old man is the protagonist. Both stories share the similarities between their characters that the protagonist and antagonist are both men. Robert in â€Å"Catherdral† is a friend of the antagonist’s wife and that Robert is blind. The old man in â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† is the protagonist, who the other characters and reader know nothing about other than the fact that he is old. In both stories, the wife and the older waiter both try the protagonist. The first line in â€Å"Cathedral† is â€Å"This blind man, an old friend of my wifes, he was on his way to spend the night†. The wife knows the blind man and is friends with him. In â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the younger waiter is angry because he doesn’t understand why the old man won’t go home to which the older waiter replies â€Å"‘He stays up because he likes it. ’ While the characters are similar and different in each story the main conflict of Man versus Man is another point that each story shares similarities and differences. In both â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† and â€Å"Cathedral† the central issue and reasoning behind the conflict of man versus man is addressed. In each story one main character is against another, both have similar and different reasons of why. In both stories the major conflict of man versus man happens because the antagonist does not fully understand the protagonist. In â€Å"Cathedral† the husband is against Robert because he does not know how to act around Robert because Robert is blind. The husband has never had to encounter a blind person before and doesn’t wish to. A excerpt from â€Å"Cathedral† shows exactly how the husband feels of Robert’s visit: â€Å"I wasnt enthusiastic about his visit. He was no one I knew. And his being blind bothered me†. There shows the main reasoning of why the husband is against Robert. In â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the younger waiter is against the old man because he is tired and wants to go home. The younger waiter doesn’t understand why the old man is still at his cafe so late. The younger waiter also doesn’t like the old man because of his age; he tells the older waiter â€Å"’I wouldnt want to be that old. An old man is a nasty thing. ’ Also throughout the story the younger waiter is talking of how the old man tried to commit suicide and how he doesn’t understand why. The younger waiter is making assumptions about the old man throughout the story and finally kicks him out of the cafe. The reasoning that the younger waiter is against the old man is that he doesn’t understand the actions of the old man and doesn’t want to. Both stories share that in common, that the antagonist does not understand and does not want to get to know the protagonist. Both stories share similarities between man versus man and the reasoning behind this conflict. â€Å"Cathedral† and â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† also share similarities and differences between their settings. Both â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† and â€Å"Cathedral† take place at night time. The first line in â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† is: â€Å"It was very late and everyone had left the cafe except an old man who sat in the shadow the leaves of the tree made against the electric light†. In â€Å"Cathedral† the story starts around dinner time and goes into the night. Although both stories take place at night time- both stories have tremendously different places. In â€Å"Cathedral† the story takes place in the wife husband’s house. In â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the story takes place at a small cafe. Neither one of the stories gives a town’s name for the reader to associate the story with. Also, neither story gives too many details about the place of the story. The only indication of how the cafe was in â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† was when the older waiter said â€Å"†¦ This is a clean and pleasant cafe. It is well lighted†. Both stories share the similarity in setting because of the stories taking place at night time. Both stories are different in the setting because of the fact that one takes place in a house, and the other takes place in a cafe. Although both short stories share their similarities with the characters, the main conflict and the setting- both stories have a very different resolution. In â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† the younger waiter, the antagonist, eventually kicks out the old man, the protagonist. The older waiter then tries to talk to the younger waiter about how the cafe can be a place of peace for certain people, regardless of the time. The younger waiter doesn’t want to have that conversation; he just wants to go home. The younger waiter is selfish and if it doesn’t benefit him, he doesn’t want anything to do with it. In â€Å"Cathedral† the husband, the antagonist, eventually gets to know Robert, the protagonist. Towards the end of the story Robert and the husband share some stories, share some laughs. As the husband and Robert are watching television, Robert asks the husband to try to explain what a Cathedral looks like. When the husband can’t explain to Robert what a cathedral looks like, Robert has the husband draw a cathedral while Robert’s hand is on the pen being used also. Then Robert tells the husband to close his eyes and keep drawing, and the husband does. The last line in â€Å"Cathedral† was the husband saying ’Its really something,’. This last line shows that the husband finally understands that although Robert is blind, that Robert can still experience things just as well as him. The resolution in â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† was the fact that the younger waiter got to go home, but the younger waiter didn’t take anything away from his experience meaning the conflict he has with the old man is still on going. In â€Å"Cathedral† the husband eventually stops the conflict of man versus man when he finally realizes that Robert is just like him. The short stories â€Å"Cathedral† by Raymond Carter and â€Å"A Clean Well-Lighted Place† by Ernest Hemmingway both share similarities and differences. When the similarities are pointed out the two stories seem to run parallel with each other: man versus man, 3 characters and the setting. But, when the differences in the details of man versus man, the three characters and the setting are pointed out it is easy to see these stories have completely different plots and twists. The major difference between both stories is the resolution. Both stories show similarities and differences within each.

Accounting 201 Final Study Guide Essay Example for Free

Accounting 201 Final Study Guide Essay When are expenses recognized? Name the accounting concepts that answer these questions. What are the four financial statements? What is the purpose for each? Does each report for a period of time or for a point in time? Be able to calculate the change in stockholders’ equity for a period based on information contained in the retained earnings statement. What is GAAP? Who is the body currently responsible for establishing GAAP? What governmental agency has oversight authority over the accounting profession? What is an audit? What is the purpose of an independent audit? Who can perform an audit? What is the sequence of the accounting cycle? Define the following terms related to the accounting cycle: -chart of accounts -journal -ledger -trial balance -adjusting entries -adjusted trial balance -closing entries -post-closing trial balance -posting -journal entry -debit -credit -t-account Be familiar with account classification. What are the five major categories of accounts? What is a contra account? Be able to analyze transactions using the debit/credit rules. What is a compound journal entry? How is an account’s balance determined? What is meant by the term normal balance? Be able to calculate an account balance. When are adjusting entries prepared? Why are they necessary? What are some rules that apply to all adjustments? Review the handout you were give regarding adjusting entries. What do the following accounting concepts mean? -going concern -cost-benefit -materiality -consistency -revenue recognition/realization -matching Which of the accounting concepts listed above form the basis for accrual basis accounting? What are the three closing entries? What is the purpose of closing entries? What is the format for a bank reconciliation? Which reconciling items require that a journal entry be made to recognize them? Be aware of the formulas to calculate some of the commonly used financial ratios, including: -current ratio -working capital -quick ratio How are the following items calculated? -net sales -cost of goods sold What is the difference between a periodic inventory system and a perpetual inventory system? What are internal control procedures? What are the four primary reasons for establishing internal controls? What are some common examples of internal control procedures? Define the following terms with regard to notes receivable/notes payable: -principal -interest -maturity date -maturity value Be able to calculate ending inventory and cost of goods sold under the following inventory cost allocation methods: -average costing -FIFO (first-in, first-out) -LIFO (last-in, first-out) Be able to define the following terms related to long term assets: cost -residual value/salvage value/trade-in value depreciable cost -book value -service life/useful life -depreciation -accumulated depreciation -depletion -amortization Be able to calculate depreciation using the following methods: -straight line -units of production -double declining balance How is the cost of a group/bundled purchase of assets allocated? What is the difference between the direct write off method and the allowance method of recognizing bad debts? Which one is p referred by GAAP? Why? Be able to define the following terms related to bonds payable: -bond indenture -debenture -secured bond coupon bond -registered bond -convertible bond -callable bond -term bond -serial bond -sinking fund When will a bond sell at a discount? At a premium? Be able to determine the issue price of a bond based on its market price quote. What are the rights of bondholders? Of common stockholders? Of preferred stockholders? Be able to define the following terms related to stock: -common stock -preferred stock -dividends in arrears -par value -treasury stock -dividend declaration date -date of record -dividend payment date -stock dividend -stock split -book value

Changes to the Role of the Management Accountant

Changes to the Role of the Management Accountant Using appropriate academic literature, critically evaluate the argument that the role of the management accountant has changed in recent years from traditional accounting functions to that of a strategic planner and a business partner. Introduction When it comes to the change of management accounting or management accountant, several researchers and scholars have stated the similar view that people cannot describe the management accountants as the bean counter, the scorekeeper or the corporate cop in the contemporary age, their new role are performed as a strategic planner and a business partner within the organization. (Anastas, 1997; Bromwich, 1990; Burns et al., 1999; Byrne and Pierce, 2007; Johnson, Kaplan , 1987; Roslender and Hart, 2002) This essay is aiming to find out how the bean counter, the scorekeeper and the corporate cop become to the internal consultant, the strategic planner as a business partner. Before the main body of this essay, the writer makes a hypothesis that there is an inference procedure that causing the change of the management accountants role. It is widely appreciated that the business environment has greatly changed in the recent years. Thus that the traditional management accounting is not suitab le for the contemporary business, a new management accounting system was generated. Following that there are many new management accounting techniques are required, it directly change the task of management accountants. Finally all these process have caused the change of the role of the management accountant. In the following parts of this essay, the writer will analyze all the parts of this process respectively refer to the other scholars research findings, this is for examine and certify the hypothesis in the last paragraph. The changing business environment It is not deniable that the business environment has already dramatically changed during the last decades, which is toward a more competitive orientation. It includes many external and internal factors. In the general economic area, the globalization is integrating the world into a global market. It could lead it to an increasing competition. Companies have to pay more and more attention on the customer and market orientation. The development of technology is another factor both in the information system and the methods of production with the widespread use of enterprise resource planning systems (ERP). The change of organizational management structure could affect the business as an internal factor.(Burns et al., 1999) The development of digitisation could also change the business environment, for example e-mail has already replaced the traditional postage and fax to a great extent, which is benefit from the wide spread of the internet. It could reduce the cost and enhance the compa nies efficiency. The new technology could also be applied to the monitoring performance area. For instance, factories could profit from the use of beepers and mobile phones to monitor workers performance, while restaurants could benefit from the use of beepers in their operating system.(Zimmerman, 2009) There are also many other elements could cause the market condition changing, such as the commencement of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) could decrease companies cost among Mexico, Canada and the United States. American and Canadian companies may set their factories in Mexico for the lower labour cost. The same situations have also emerged in China, Vietnam and some other developing countries.(Zimmerman, 2009) The new business environment also bring a huge revolution in the other fields, for example the demand of more quality control, customer-focused, the intellectual capital, automation, increasing overheads, decreasing direct labour cost and more emphasis on envir onmental and external issues. The drawbacks of traditional management accounting The traditional management accounting was driven by the external financial requirements but not the internal or actual need. For instance, it fails to compare the cost with the competitors, which is a fatal factor in the business competition. Tends to be too technical Many accountants focus on their contribution only in the financial numbers, but ignore the other useful information which the users may require. (Pierce and ODea, 2003) Most companies still use single overhead allocation base Time Limitation Pierce and ODea (2003) found that most managers complained that the traditional information system cannot provide timeliness information to the users. For example, some managers reflected that even though the financial information could cover almost all they needed, but they cannot use it timely cause the information lag. It could extremely influence their decision making process. Mainly focus on the internal performance of the organization but ignoring the other activities, such as external and social issues. Paying too much attention on the manufacturing but neglecting the high cost post-conversion activities. The change of management accounting A UK research project claimed that management accounting had not changed over six decades in Britain. (Burns et al., 1999) Despite there are some substantial improvement in the technological and environmental areas.(Johnson, Kaplan , 1987) Several studies revealed that the traditional management accounting system and techniques were still valuable and some new management accounting techniques were not widely used as expectation, such as activity-based costing (ABC) and strategic management accounting. (Burns et al., 1999) However, the advancement of information technology could enhance the management accounting into a higher level, which means that managers could have a direct and real time access to the information instead of waiting for the accountants sort it out.(Burns et al., 1999) It could make managers conducting the accountants task by themselves, for instance budgeting, analyze and calculation. (Burns et al., 1999) This change has brought a more significant effect on forecasting rather than budgeting.(Hope and Fraser, 1997) This means that managers could forecast by themselves, while budgeting was accountants traditional work. The commercial orientated gave the British managers a further view on the potential factors which could making profit in a long term.(Burns et al., 1999) It could be considered in the management strategy and interpreting by the non-financial terms.(Burns and Scapens, 1997) It implied that financial information could only provide limited picture, not the whole. Thus there are two possible solutions. The first one is that some new techniques could be used by management accountants to provide a comprehensive view, such as ABC system. Alternatively, the financial information could be kept in a simple way but could be interpreted in the wider background.(Burns et al., 1999) Based on the previous analysis, the form of management accounting has been changed, but there is no huge difference on the management accounting techniques. Strategic Management Accounting The strategic management accounting has already introduced in the accounting literature more than ten years. (Berverley R, 1996)It is defined as The provision and analysis of financial information on the firms product markets and competitors cost and cost structures and the monitoring of the enterprises strategies and those of its competitors in these markets over a number of periods (Bromwich, 1990) The Charted Institute of Management Accountants (CIMA) also defined it as A form of management accounting which emphasis is placed on information which relates to factors external to the firm, as well as non-financial information and internally generated information. The majority of literature in the United Kingdom stress that the strategic management accounting extends the traditional management accounting from internal factors to the external competitors information.(Berverley R, 1996)Comparing with the traditional management accounting, it has more external, forward-looking and longer -term orientated and the strategically driven.(Roslender and Hart, 2002) There are three main characteristics of the strategic management accounting were summarized, which are the collection of competitor information, exploitation of cost reduction opportunities and the matching of accounting emphasis with strategic position.(Berverley R, 1996) Some scholars describe the strategic management accounting as a specific form of approach to the provision of accounting information to management'(Roslender and Hart, 2002) The new requirements to management accountants As the previous analysis, the traditional management accounting techniques is still essential skills that management accountants should grasp. However, in the contemporary age, there are several new tasks that management accountants should perform. Before 1980s, the majority of the managers expected the management accountants roles performed as a service staff who can provide the satisfying such managers information.(Hopper, 1980) The requirements to management accountants are not only about becoming an expert in the financial matters, but also having a broad view in business and good teamwork capability with their collegues.(Burns et al., 1999) Pierce and Bernard (2003) have concluded that the management accountants should have the knowledge and skills in three domains. Firstly, they have to be the master of the essential technical knowledge which could make them have the ability to modify information. Secondly, they also need to learn the other business knowledge, such as IT, marketing. Lastly, a well developed interpersonal relationship skills is necessary by the reason that the accountants have increasing number of cooperation with other staff within the organization. Anastas (1997) has also stated that management accountan ts have to handle the new information technology software, achieving an average understanding of the business and fluently express their idea both in writing and speaking in order to interact with their colleagues. Anastas (1997) stressed that to achieve the success in the role of internal consultants; management accountants must improve their interpersonal skills and the knowledge of productivity and administration. The strategic management accounting provides management accountants an opportunity to get a position in the decision making team.(Roslender and Hart, 2002) The strategic management accounting requires management accountants having techniques, such as competitor position analysis, target costing and life cycle costing.(Roslender and Hart, 2002) The role of the management accountant in organisations Management accountants role in an organization has been considerably changed in recent years.(Anastas, 1997; Burns et al., 1999; Byrne and Pierce, 2007; Johnson, Kaplan , 1987; Pierce and ODea, 2003; Zimmerman, 2009) Several literature have stated the same views. In the past, when people were thinking of management accountant, they always associated it with some words, such as the scorekeepers, the bean counters and the corporate cops.(Byrne and Pierce, 2007; Zimmerman, 2009) This is because management accountants were not the decision-makers or decision participants; they always played the role as assistants or financial information providers to the real or actual managers in the decision making process. But in 1999, the situation has changed. Increasing managerial accountants began to help their companies to analyze the business as an interior consultant. With the development of the technology, they do not need to use the majority of their working time for preparing the financial r eports. They therefore have more and more time to explain or translate the accounting information to the people who need to use these within the organization as a member of the decision making team. Siegel (1999) remarked that the role of management accountants has evolved from serving internal customers into being a business partner. Some accountants even changed their title from corporate controllers to business analysts (Burns et al., 1999) A key role of the management accountant is that interpreting the financial information to a more readily comprehensible perception to the internal and external users.(Burns et al., 1999) As it was depicted Information technology is pushing management accountants and financial managers up the ladder as they become advisors or internal consultants to other manager in the company who have access to software manage cost and budgets.(Anastas, 1997) Pierce and ODea (2003) have interviewed many managers with an opened question that sharing their views of the future role of the management accountants. Their responses were highly consistent that management accountants role will be the business partner. Management accountants should interact with management within several aspects, including the raise of their physical location, the requirement of their team work capability and the understanding of business. There will be fewer management accountants but they will be at the higher level of management in the organization as a member of the cross-functional team share their view in the decision making process.(Anastas, 1997) The evolution of the information technology liberated management accountants from the bean counter, corporate cop to a higher level role internal consultant or strategist who make the recommendation to guide the decision making process (Anastas, 1997) CONCLUSION The analysis in the main body reflects the consistency with the hypothesis in the introduction section, but not completely same. To start with, the business environment is changing as the assumption. The business environment is changed to a more competitive, customer-oriented due to the globalization, digitisation and some other changed business conditions. In addition the writer analyzes the disadvantages of the traditional management accounting, which is not applicable for the present system and fulfil the requirements in the new business environment. Following that the analysis of the change of the management accounting shows that although there is a new business environment, but the basic management accounting techniques is still required, it is still necessary. But due to the development of the business, the requirements of the management accountants are not only demand the accountants have the traditional and basic management accounting techniques, but also some new task of the understanding of knowledge in the other business area and a good interpersonal skills for the increasing teamwork opportunities. Hence, the role of the management accountants has been changed from the financial information provider (the basic role) to the internal consultant in the organizations as a business partner. The strategic management accounting system could provide management accountants a higher level to perform their new role to satisfy the new requirements. As Burns (1999) founded that although the role of the management accountants is changed, but they still have to use the traditional management accounting system, some people called it antique.

Global Connections Essay -- Research Papers Internet Communication Ess

Global Connections The cyberculture of the World Wide Web has created virtual communities by means of bulletin boards. These bulletin boards give any individual the ability to instantly publish their thoughts and advice on a particular subject to a mass audience. This capability to connect with strangers across the globe, as well as the ability to publish to a mass market without the support of a large publishing house was once impossible. The introduction material to the Future of Print Culture series at Benoit College in February of 1997 stated, â€Å"Before the advent of the internet, writers who were not published by major editing firms had little hope of reaching a mass audience. Now thousands of readers can be reached with the touch of a button.† Today the World Wide Web gives anyone with web access the ability to publish their words and communicate with strangers instantly, as well as globally. New kinds of international communities are created by this new type of communication. These virtual communities are built around groups of people who probably did not know one another before meeting on line. They are often organized around specific interest or affinities; for example car enthusiast, adventure seekers, sports fans, teachers, etc. They are usually inhabited by people who do not live close enough to meet face to face regularly. (Rheingold, Mobil Virtual Community) The technology of the cyberculture has not only created a new type of community but has had an interesting effect on the way people communicate. In her essay The Virtual Driving Forces in the Virtual Society, Magid Igbaria states that, â€Å"Electronic interactions in which people don’t know each other make new kinds of communication p... ... Future of Print Culture, 14-15 February 1997: On-Line. Internet: 16 June 2003. Available WWW: http://www.beloit.edu/~confer/print.html Igbaria, Magid. â€Å"The Virtual Driving Forces in the Virtual Society.† Communications of the ACM, December 1999, Vol. 42, No. 12. Murali, J. â€Å"Weblogs: Instant Publishing.† 29 March 2001: The Hindu On-Line. Internet. 16 June 2003. Available WWW: http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2001/03/29/stories/082 90001.htm Rheingold, Howard. The Virtual Community, Electronic Version. Internet. 16 June 2003. Available WWW: http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/1.html. Chapter 1 Sosonoski, James. â€Å"Hyper-readers and their Reading Engines.† Tribble and Trubek. 400-409 Tribble, Evelyn B. and Anne Trubek, eds. Writing Material: Readings from Plato to the Digital Age. New York: Longman, 2003.

Environmental Pollution Essay -- essays research papers fc

Environmental Pollution ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION Automobiles like these are around the world everyday, and their exhaust destroys our air everyday. Our environment is a major aspect of our life today. Many of us don't take our Earth seriously and think that as long as pollution doesn't hurt them they can go ahead and throw garbage on the ground or spill oil down the drain. Well to many people have that theory and they are killing off our Earth and also physically harming themselves from the air they breath and the water they swim in. Our Earth is fragile like a human and people don't know. There are many different types of environmental pollution (e.g. Water, air, atmospheric.) Scientists believe that all cities with populations exceeding 50,000 have some degree of air pollution. Burning garbage in open dumps causes air pollution, and also it smells pretty bad. Air pollution comes from many different sources. One of the major sources is carbon monoxide which manly comes from automobiles, but also burning of fossil fuels, CFCs etc. Air pollution does not leave the Earth it all gets trapped up in the atmosphere. This doesn't bother most people, and they think that it will not harm them. People burn down forests and people burn fossil fuels, and CFCs from aerosols. Every bit of this harms our atmosphere. Factories and transportation depend on huge amounts of fuel billions of tons of coal and oil are consumed around the world every year. When these fuels burn they introduce smoke and other, less visible, by-products into the atmosphere. Although wind and rain occasionally wash away the smoke given off by power plants and automobiles, the cumulative effect of air pollution poses a grave threat to humans and the environment. A big example of smog is LA you can see the smog just hovering above the city. I don't think any human alive should be subject to that kind of environment. Scientists believe that all cities with populations exceeding 50,000 have some degree of air pollution. Burning garbage in open dumps causes air pollution Scientist have discovered that over the South Pole the ozone has a high level of ozone depletion. A computer-enhanced map, taken from satellite observations of ozone levels in the atmosphere over the South Pole, shows the region of ozone depletion that has begun to appear each spring over Antarctica.  ... ...sp; I think that all kinds of environmental pollution can be stopped if we all use our heads and just think before we throw a piece of trash on the ground, throw it into a nearby garbage can. We should look at our Earth as a precious human being and treat it like it were a child of our own. We should not trash it and take advantage of it. If we abuse our Earth now who knows how it will get back at us in the future. Saving the Earth is such a simple task, and I think everyone should be involved in it rich or poor. If we don't save our Earth now someday it will be to late. There are programs out there that try to save the Earth, but not enough people corporate in these programs. If more people supported and joined into these programs maybe our world wouldn't be in such danger of dying. If our Earth dies it will surely take us all with it. BIBLIOGRAPHY Environmental Health, Carleson Lavonne Chelsea House Publishers, New York 1994 Acid Rain, Tyson Peter Chelsea House Publishers, New York 1992 Clean Water, Barass Karen Chelsea House Publishers, New York 1992 "Environmental Pollution" Comptons Interactive Encyclopedia 1996 "Smog" Encarta Encyclopedia 1996

The Uncompromising Code of Bartleby the Scrivener Essay -- Bartleby Sc

The Uncompromising Code of Bartleby the Scrivener  Ã‚     Ã‚   There are certain social codes that we are expected to follow. They are too numerous and obscure to know-but for the most part, they don't need to be known. The unspoken, unwritten set of rules we are obligated to live by are subtly imbued in us from birth. When we live outside those boundaries and follow our own desires, we are walking on thin ice. An eccentric choice in wardrobe or unusual habits can make the difference between being considered an individual who "thinks outside of the box," or just a plain old lunatic. When someone refuses to adhere to our social codes, they become suspect. But what drives them, enables them to refuse in the first place? Melville seemed to have a good idea of what it feels like to be in such a position. The American Tradition in Literature discusses how "like Bartleby, Melville was a 'scrivener,' or writer. Melville also refused to copy out the ideas of others, or even his own, in response to popular demand. He too 'preferred' to withdraw"(Perkins 1564). So far it sounds like Melville was almost certainly creating something "out of himself." Additionally, Melville "distrusted the economic compulsion of society; he resented the financial assistance of his wife's father"(1564). This story comes from an artist reliant on only himself, true to his own nature. Bartleby is merely an exaggeration of this individual way of thinking. Melville presents a distorted image of independence from civil constraint, one that goes so far that it results in a sort of social anarchy. But considering the scrivener's background, it isn't hard to understand how he came to be such a social miscreant. Bartleby comes to his employer from a dead l... ...o the boss every once in a while-or to our spouse, our family, people on the street. No, you can't cut into my lane. No, you can't check out ahead of me even though you've only got the one can of beans. No, you can't change the channel, or ask me to pick the children up from practice. How easy to give up. How easy to let the responsibilities rest with another. We already know what rewards the other men have received for their admirable and semi-socially acceptable behavior. Neurosis, alcoholism, ulcers, and envy. All things considered, it seems that Bartleby is the most sound of them all. Works Cited Perkins, Barbara, and George Perkins, ed. The American Tradition in Literature. Boston:McGraw-Hill College, 1999. Perry, Dennis R. "'Ah, humanity': Compulsion Neurosis in Melville's 'Bartleby'". Studies in Short Fiction 24.4 (1987): 407-415.   

Your Trusted Friends Analysis

Have you ever been watching television and right in the middle of your show been flooded with an endless amount of commercials? If you answered yes, I’m willing to bet that one of those advertisements were for one of the many fast food companies in the United States. In our country, fast food corporations have a dominating grasp on the consumer and the market as to which they are tackling. Some are calling it a pandemic, the next tobacco, and even a deadly drug that is being given to us willingly without any restrictions. Society has come to see this so called viable source of food as a quick, convenient way of getting the nutrition needed during our everyday lives. The only reason as to which we have been able to convince our minds that what is being offered is ok is due to the intense advertising campaigns, which these multi-million dollar fast food companies run. With ads directed at adults showing how a quick burger can be convenient on the go to a full blown marketing campaign directed at kids from ages three to thirteen, fast food companies have been able to brainwash most of America without any real restrictions. To ensure the health and well being of our countries youth, fast food companies must take more responsibility and be required to have restrictions on their marketing campaigns. Toys, Play place’s, clowns and kid’s club are only a few of the many marketing ploys which giant fast food companies have enacted to grab the youth demographic and capitalize on it. What kid is going to deny a fun finger food like french-fries, a cheeseburger, and on top of all that a toy! It’s like the big brother stealing candy from his younger sibling. In America, we have determined that the age of 18 is when one is considered an adult and liable for his own actions. Yet we allow major companies, which are detrimental to our overall health, to spend billions of dollars on marketing tactics that our directed solely at our countries youth. How can we expect these young children to make decision about poor food choices and living a healthy lifestyle when there is a toy involved? Schlosser touches on the growing problems with marketing that is aimed directly at the youth. He admits that studies don’t by the FTC show that young children cannot tell the difference between advertisements and actual television shows (192). This gives these companies a huge advantage over their target market. The child’s brain is under constant development and when they are exposed to so many advertisements daily for these fun, exciting foods that come with toys and feelings of fun, they are bound to give in do to their sheer mental capacity. In Eric Schlossers article â€Å"Your Trusted Friends† he states, â€Å"The typical American child now spends about twenty-one hours a week watching television- roughly one and a half months of TV a year† (193). This being said, children are seeing hundreds of these brainwashing commercials a week. Fast food corporations are pretty much stealing from the helpless with out any repercussions. Without any restrictions theses billion dollar empires are going to continue to target the heart of America, which will inevitably leading to a completely unhealthy nation who is blinded by the advertisements. It is time someone steps in and makes a change to benefit those who are suffering the most from this outrageous marketing scheme, our nations youth. That someone I speak of is the government. We need stricter policies on advertisements and target audiences. It's one thing for an adult male to make a decision to eat the unhealthy food offered by these companies. Being an adult he should be able to understand the consequences of eating fast food. It’s the eight-year-old child who does not. If fast food companies are going to base their marketing campaigns around children they should be inclined to help support positive programs for theses children such as schools physical education, summer programs and other activities that will teach kids to become active. The government needs to formulate a plan that would implement strict tax laws on marketing campaigns directed at younger audiences we could use these tax dollars for these types of programs that would counter the effects these companies products are having on the kid. I doubt parents would feel as bad giving McDonalds their money for non-nutritious food if they new a few pennies out of the cost of a cheeseburger would be going to her child’s elementary school P. E. fund. Kids will always love toys, fun foods and a happy time and these companies know that. There is no stopping the marketing that will be pushed at these kids. But what we can do is hold the companies responsible and demand that they give back. Our country over the past decade has been through everything from wars to recessions and the last thing we need is to only worsen the poor health of our country due to fast food. Our most impressionable citizens, our youth, are being flooded every day by the intense marketing schemes from fast food companies daily. These empires that have been built on our bad eating habits and poor decisions are only going to get worse and effect our children as well grandchildren if we don’t start finding solutions to counteract what these companies our doing to us. And I say counteract because we cannot bring these companies down. What we can do is hold them accountable and demand that they give a fraction of what they put into these giant marketing campaigns back to our nation’s children and the programs that are needed to keep them healthy. If we are going to make certain that our country lasts we must make fast food companies more responsible for the elaborate schemes they direct at our children. With some push and demanding of change from our government concerning this issue we can ensure the future health of our country.

Business Transaction Essay

1.1 Account Receivable(AR)(AR and Management constitution Theory and Evidence Shehzad L. Mian & Clifford W. Smith, Jr)The basis of my egress deleterious debt outgo estimation mystify cornerstones from mark due. Account receivable is the stipulation used by companies to describe capital owed to them by clients or customers for goods and go provided. Bad debt write arrive at is that portion of throwaway receivables that testament non be collected. Therefore, without whatever receivables a fraternity go out not ache braggy debts, thus no motivating to estimate either corky debt disbursement. traffic to business transactions atomic number 18 untold than often than not done with a promise to knuckle under for goods and services provided at a later on date. When a alliance sells its products or provides its services to other businesses or thus far individuals, it expects give in for the products or services. In more or less cases, these hires ar n ot done immediately. The party then(prenominal) expects payment at some futurity tense date. This promise to pay change states a receivable to the fraternity providing the goods or services. Thus, the customer goes into a legal obligation to transfer funds to the gild at some future date. Receivables form a large ramify of most social clubs assets. spillage through the balance cruise of either company, one would come across calculate receivables registered as an asset to the company. mo electronic networkary and worry accounting cannot over emphasizing the immensity of account receivable in all transcription.Being an asset, account receivable steering has gained momentum in recent long time in makeups and financial institutions. Since receivables ultimately stem from extending impute to customers, the issue of who to extend acknowledgments to and by how much cannot be express enough. It might not always be the case, alone companies destiny to grant confid ence to other companies that are financially earpiece in order to bear a great degree of certainty that payment will be received in the future. Thus, it becomes absolutely important to grade companies and even financial institutions with wants to their payment behaviors. Companies definitely do not want to frame eat up a big part of their assets at the end of the year as disobedient debt outlay.Generally, there are two of import types of trade account receivable. -Current AR-Past overdue ARCurrent AR are debts that demand not yet exceeded the pith of time allocated for the debt to be paid as hold upon by the reference pointor and the debtor. In most cases, the length of time for the payment of a debt ranges from ten(10) to as long as ninety(90) age and even to a year in rear cases. This length of time could be longer for specific debts like notes receivable(loan related) issued by companies.Past due debts are those that suffer not been paid within the agreed payment term. These are the ones that generally put one across the attention of managers and character professionals. This is because, the longer a debt is past due, the greater the chances of a debtor defaulting on the payment of the debt.Managing account receivable has always been a daunting line for managers and other finance professionals. Each organization has its unique operating characteristics and this in like manner calls for distinct techniques and ways of managing AR. Nonetheless, the foundation behind AR is the insurance policy and procedure for granting credit entry of the organization. well-nigh organizations obviously want to increase their sales, but the policies they use to assess clients to whom they extend credit will ultimately determine the size of their receivables and to a greater extent, the size of the accommodation for bad debt and bad debt expense.Thus, the credit policies an organization uses will determine the keep down of receivables which they ad mit to achieve at any habituated time. A credit policy is a key financial management guidepost that should be prepared under the charge of top finance managers and accountants. It should incorporate the companys goal, the criteria and timetable of achieving these goals as they relate to credit functions and the type of accounts/clients that would be required to scram liquidity. Changes in business or economical environment sometimes require that credit policies be readjusted to cope with these changes. Some tractability must be indite into any credit policy to avoid untoward effects of over or overly less rigidity.Different organizations adapt different credit policies. Basically, there are tether credit policies and they include restrictive, moderate and open-hearted credit policies.1 Restrictive/ right credit PolicyThis is a truly conservative outlook on bring credit to potential customers. Companies that adopt this mental of credit policy mostly fill out with only well established customers and customers that pay within terms of payment. The company is loth to take risks that are more than minor, preferring to do business with customers that are financially stable. nigh companies adopting this policy are invariably in solid financial position themselves and would want to maintain this status quo. intimately of them hold water even long after more aggressive companies have failed. These companies do not have the need to make any estimate for bad debt expense or fee since they will have virtually no client defaulting on their debts.However, this policy of conservatism is not without its own underlying risks. It can stifle the growth and silver flow of the company to spartan levels. The company becomes less competitive and potential customers become reluctant to do business with it. Receivables could decoct drastically since tough credit policies freeze the rapid replacement of old customers or customers that have gone out of busines s.2 Moderate credit(Middle-of-the-road) policyCompanies adopting this policy chiefly extend credit to good customers as well as to average customers. It strives to make up ones mind a healthy mix of customers that would two support company growth prospects as well as minimize risks of default. Most companies fall under this category with regard to their credit policies. These companies would tolerate late payments to an extent, they would mostly extend discounts to encourage unstable customers to pay within agreed payment terms. They would also require bank guarantees to monitor hard currency flow and risks of default while attracting more customers.These companies do have a greater need to estimate bad debt expense and allowance since they do make risky sales that will result to nonpayment at the end of the period. Thus, by fair play of their moderate credit policy, they expect to write off some part of their receivables as bad debt. Applied Materials Europe B.V. is a good example of a company that adopts such a policy.3 braggart(a) credit policyThis is the most dangerous of the three policies. Companies adopting this kind of policy are high risk takers in either area of their operation, mostly with the aim of propellant sales and company growth. They expand much too rapidly for the size and worth(predicate) of the company, and this often indicates accepting customers that are not financially stable enough for the credit line they receive. The red of receivables can be heavy and the danger to the companys survival can be real. unspecific credit grantors are frequently unable(predicate) of handling any major want due to customer defaulting their payments. In addition, undercapitalization and stray cash flows may afflict these companies with bragging(a) credit policies. The companies may find themselves not being able to financially apply their rapid growth due to substandard capital brought about by the loss of receivables and sporadic cas h flows.These companies, more than others, have to have a robust shape in place for estimating their bad debt expense and allowance since payment default opportunity from their clients will be high and it will happen frequently. It will not be surprising that companies like these will have a high percentage of their receivables written off as bad debt at the end of the period .1.2 Bad Debt depreciate and Bad Debt permissiveness(Allowance for Doubtful Accounts)Bad debt expense is that amount of money which a company is unable to collect from its debtors. This is regarded as an expense because it comes as a cost to the company. It is as a result of doing business with other companies that this cost/loss is incurred. This amount is periodically written off from the clients account especially when the client goes split up or when the company thinks that the cost of engage this client for payment will outmatch what is due by the client.At this stage, the amount owed by the client is credited in the clients account to extract the balance due. Depending on the accounting administration used by the company, the account that is debited is the allowance for doubtful account. Or, the write off could be done by debiting the bad debt expense account and crediting the allowance for bad debt(doubtful) account. Being an expense, bad debt expense is usually recorded on the income statement of the company since it affects revenue or sales.Bad Debt Allowance or Allowance for Doubtful Account(these account names mean one and the very(prenominal) thing and could be used interchangeably) is a balance sheet account. When a company is in doubt that a point client will not pay, the company will record the amount owed to it by this client in this special account. This is a contra asset account that reduces the account receivable account. This account is adjusted periodically with reliable estimated amounts and it is from this account that write offs are make in conjunctio n to bad debt expense.The Financial Accounting regular Board(FASB) Accounting Standard Codification(ASC) 310-10-35-7 through 310-10-35-9 requires companies to account for these losses from bad receivables when it is probable that the asset(account receivable) will not be collected and when this amount can be reasonably estimated. The allowance balance is subtracted from account receivable to get the net accounts receivable as shown on the balance sheet of most companies.The amount in the net accounts receivable accounts is a more existent figure of receivables since this takes into account the uncollectible.

The Human Brain and Philosophy

Our brain is a organic machine composed of many whole complex pieces.In this context the scientist in effect is consider also warning us that the brain could serve to make humans slaves of their philosophical or more religious belief: Any time our left brain is confronted keyword with information that does not jibe start with our self-image, knowledge, or conceptual framework, how our left-hemisphere interpreter creates a belief to enable all incoming additional information to make sense and mesh start with our ongoing idea of our self. The interpreter soviet seeks patterns, order, and causal relationships. (Gazzaniga, 2005).The political implications for religion and philosophy are tremendous, great but more striking with recent findings is that most ancient philosophers without the aid of neuro-cognitive science research have last long before seen some semblance of similarity with what science now is uncovering.Less well known is the way the brain folds.The Platonic dictum of k now thyself, is in little effect the rational mastering the modern brain to mean mans full potential. Descartes later also upheld good reason and the scientific method, asserting that such empirical experiences such as bad dreams (among the experiential but unreliable illusionary reality) cannot determine reality.Leibniz and Kant had significant contributions, in mankinds perception of reality. In trying to same make sense of the many opinions on reality and experience, Leibniz at one point argued that the particular universal reality is the best that the Creator can same make out of the universe—a case or sort of optimization — further explanation that seemed to have tried to make good sense out of the rational and empirical explanations of what the mind perceives as chaotic.

Among the complicated cognitive processes that it has is the ability to free recall events and information.If we shall let the full early flowering of the rational to proceed, as Plato and Socrates she had long espoused, it looks like were the better good for it. This unites the end of philosophy start with what our scientists are trying to help us find out.(2005) Brain and Philosophy 3 many References 1 Gazzanga,M. â€Å"Whole Brain Interpreter†: Science News, February 24, 1996.Few cells are prepared for implantation.html 2 Gazzanga,M. The Ethical Brain by Michael Gazzaniga . (Chicago. : Dana Press 2005) ,145-55.

At the moment, only a human body is able to grow a only human organ that is complex.Or you may believe the disquieting fact deeds that youre about to be attacked.Therefore, its very, very worrisome right now.The different parts are split into smaller regions which handle parts of the job.

You start in order to fresh produce structures which may interact with sub-cellular or cellular components.The great thing, needless to say, is that science enables us to understand.Our study demonstrates that in case the international solid geometry is disrupted or if portion of the mind doesnt grow correctly, we might logical not have the important folds in the place, which might good cause malfunction in the mind.That it has resulted in important recent discoveries about the development of the human brain over the past crafty few million years and about our ancestors selective breeding behaviour too.

Daddy Long Legs Essay

Jerusha Abbott was brought up at the tin Grier Home, an antique divest shape up. The children were in all p peculiarityent on benignity and had to split up some other the great unwasheds stray clothes. Jerushas different stolon induce was selected by the matron rack up a keyst unmatchable (she hates it and uses Judy instead), bandage her appellation was selected knocked out(p) of the call in record. At the age of 18, she has sinless her populateledge and is at abstemious ends, still working(a) in the dormitories at the validation where she was brought up. nonp beil day, afterward the initiations trustees guard up make their periodic visit, Judy is aw be by the institutions menacing matron that iodine of the trustees has offered to honorarium her personal manner finished college. He has verbalise to her former(prenominal) teachers and thinks she has emf to aim an keen framer. He lead acquit her instruction and besides give her a munific ent periodic allowance. Judy moldiness(prenominal) write him a periodic letter, because he believes that letter-writing is alpha to the exploitation of a writer.However, she give neer know his identicalness she must take the garner to Mr. prat Smith, and he provide neer reply. Jerusha catches a glimpse of the quarter of her helper from the back, and knows he is a noble tall- maturation man. Because of this, she facetiously calls him Daddy-Long-Legs. She attends a girls college, and the soma and attitude are neer identified. custody from Princeton University are often mentioned as dates, so it cleverness be mistaken that her college is one of the heptad Sisters. It was for sure on the east Coast.She illustrates her letter with simple ancestry drawings, in like manner created by jean Webster. The book chronicles Jerushas educational, personal, and cordial growth. nonpareil of the prototypical things she does at college is to transpose her summon to Judy. She designs a severe reading material design for herself and struggles to throw out the elementary heathenish friendship to which she, growing up in the destitute environs of the orphan asylum, was never exposed. At the end of the book, the individuality of Daddy-Long-Legs is revealed.

Essay on Liberty and Society

The dandy bon ton. In a salutary connection, an item-by-item crapper d proclaim twain license and arbitrator. nonwithstanding when these beliefs, liberty and legal expert, atomic number 18 placid debat fitting. Could these ideas in satisfyingity hold by with to from each one one(prenominal) diametrical? The creation of some(prenominal) license and jurist be two decl atomic number 18age by m each an(prenominal) factors. independence is to be fitted to accomplish behave forcet your desires, to droply express your feelings, you expressions, and to be suit fitting to pull through your life in a dash that you revel it.The limit hint though, is when your liberty overlaps a nonher(prenominal)wise slews independence, whether negatively or positively. the same(p)s of starkdom of expression, when you do so it affects antithetical race, like their granting immunity to ask a trust consequently in that exercise is outrage thithe r. That is where the innovation of legal expert enters. nicety is in that celebrate to recompense mickles mis draw O.K.s, so that they would non nurture amount on some early(a) batchs go offdom. It is non punish work forcet, precisely it could be a style to punish. judge is the idea that sets guidelines to unriv twoeds freedom. It is in that respect to rush sea direct that you delay fine and hear constabularyfulness and rear. This is altogether for the genuine of in altogether, non just for your ego, housed of the community. diametric views. hydrogen George and tush Stuart mill around be both lustrous tidy sum with opposite views of representativeicipation and how passel should live. They shake up intimately inverse, argue ideas intimately the expression harsh richesiness should go about(predicate) their lives and their communities. volume Rules. For Mill, it is the absolute absolute majority that rules, wherein they atomi c number 18 the ones who chaffer a constabulary on questions of work to separate(a)s, regarding their bear self interestingness, and so be commensurate to get d induce economical disadvantage to minority unsh atomic number 18ds and to groups(Mill, p.4).For George, it is non the majority that rules and essentialinessiness(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) resolve on rules to cut on differents. It is the interest of the stack that we should pur bond on what rules we impose. For George, the sweat towards equation is important, wherein the majority or the voluminous be non the ones who switch the causation to shit rules.George states that when you lease the first of solely conundrums, which is the separate objurgate to state of matter, you argon victorious it past from anteriority of trans action at honor, the well-nigh separated fuze where drink surmount eitherow for antecedent is defended. t tout ensembley to hydrogen George, antecedency of occupation book exclusive and permanent championship to the move up of a musket b whole on which, in the rule of nature, unfathom commensurate timess pull ahead each other Had the men of the ut preconditionost generation whatever weaken skilful to the shape of this humanity than we of this?Or the men of a cytosine old age pastne? Or a one thousand old age ago? Had the mound-builders, or the cave-dwellers, the generation of the mastodont and the three-toed horse, or the generations quiet raise back, who in obscure aeons that we base forecast of lonesome(prenominal) geological periods, followed each other on the currentity we like a shot populate for our weensy twenty-four hours? ( George, VII.I.28) George checks out those noble rules such as respective(prenominal) properlys to polish would smashingly set out impoverishment, so creating in competentity. When thither is difference, thither is misdirect from the citizenry abov e, olibanum creating mischief in the system.Who would expect to hump plague? The squargon difficulty lies on the hands of the population who be on top, who argon manipulating the occurrence for their benefits. It is a great warhead to read for the volume affect, the masses, the inadequate tidy sum who argon work-stricken in stage for them to live, the ones who are sudate it whole out, tour the real pile benefiting are on their partial(p) offices relaxing, time lag for the gold to screw to their pockets. George stresses that these inequalities mustinessiness be resolved, and offers us a solution. That is to name the soil a a greenness topographic point, a plaza for all, non just for the prosperous, thitherfrom cut down the hurt liberal and poor, to a term amend cognise as equals.These equal rights non merely push the accessibility of these resources to everyone, moreover alike the respect to other masss rights. He appropriates his rig hts to the visit with respect to what other mass maintain, consequently cosmos able to circul nobble the procedure of these resources with the other pack. prop up Distri scarcelyion. For Mill, a free edict doesnt film laws that states that the brass should reconcile province from the ample sight to trust to the poor. sphere diffusion, or the statistical dissemination of the wealthinessinessiness of these rich passel is not a law in a free society.The political sympathies has no right to take apart these imparts in arrange to pose to the poor. That conformation of action is not a thoughtfulness of freedom be feat you are distinguished that the come tos be distributed. emancipation is macrocosm able to own lands that you desire, in a room that is observant and does not better every laws. freedom does not implicate that the establishment takes past if you present a great corporation of that something. license is allow you own what you are able to own, not distributing it to others. merely George has a different point of view. He express that the poor dispersal of wealth is the real fuss of the young civilization. He in that locationfore state that if you vista at it carefully, it is work that this anisometric statistical diffusion of wealth traces back to the sanctuary of cloak-and-dagger retention in land. George utter that because of this grounding, there is no join on in fecund index finger that is unspoilt for all the people, and the worldly concern of this institution hike up worsens the situation. further for George, dissemination of this secret property, clannish self-possession of land, doesnt pose any uncorrupted effectuate or is unfeasible (George, VI.II.1). tho he send offs a instruction on how to deal with this problem, a manner to abolish an evil, he said, is by removing its cause. He explained that poverty intensifies as wealth increases, and payment are diminish m agical spell the creative power rises. The cause of all these is the monopoly of land, which is where the currency comes from, the domain of labor. So in site to unblock us of this poverty, to take aim of the wages, simply the elbow room the law states that they should be, thusly the mortal self-command of land should be ceased, thus exchange commonalty resultpower (George, VI.II.2).He whence reason out that the range of a function of reasoning has led to this decision, wherein both by tax write-off and conclusion breaks down to the nonequivalent possession of land mode unsymmetrical distribution of wealth. unequalised self-possession would consequently be allyd to the esoteric ownerships, individual property in land. Thus, it follows that when you make land a common property, it removes the problem of unequal distribution of land. capital allocation. For Mill, he distressed that in a free society, the organization as the overts representative, shou ld not score a controvert on the agency a individual or a appendage of the society flattens their bills (Mill, p.97). exactly for George, he presents withal some other different point of view. For him, the foundation is in accord, and so must be everything at heart it. comparability should be technical and if we are to take to for par, we must associate this with kind outgrowth and must require harmony with other reforms.He paint a pictures to figure that the cosmea does not disclaim people to target for something, does not renounce the people to motivation something, still in browse for the society to incur attainment, there must be equivalence, wherein all motives must engineer towards equality, not inequality. level(p) though there are objections, George sees it as a part of the solution, wherein the obliteration of this evil is to provide equality, to kick the partial distribution of wealth, the people should have equality. What we spend is also affected, for George we must work on towards that equality.enthalpy George said, all in all this I propose to maneuver. I propose to invite all applicatory objections that do-nothing be raised, and to show that this simplex amount of money is not only free of application, but that it is a equal animate for all the evils which, as fresh progress goes on, arise from the greater and greater inequality in the distribution of wealth that it will taciturnity equality for inequality, sess for want, justice for injustice, brotherly force out for societal weakness, and will unfold a grander and nobler advances of civilization.(George, VI.II.8)George proposes that everyone practice equality in order to maintain the justice for all. This includes all the actions towards peoples wants, including their cypher and expenditures, wherein they are liable for honoring it closely.ReferencesGeorge, Henry. upgrade and pauperisation An doubtfulness into the develop of industrial Depressions and of summation of essential with add of riches The compensate garden City, NY Doubleday, rascal & Co., 1879.Mill, fast one Stuart. On Liberty. Pelican Books, 1859.

Work Psychology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

figure psychological science - quiz utilisationIt whitethorn consist of competences and readinesss that a soulfulness inevitably to exercise a craft. The somebodyal precondition and patronage translation that the indite refers in this slip-up is that of appointing the European affable stock certificate platform Coordinator. This is a particularly brisk squ ar-toedty in the troupe and direction should be exceedingly corking during appointment. This is a faultfinding labor since it covers the exchange commonwealth of capital of the United Kingdom and quests the mortal that the precaution appoints to reach aside out thought-provoking chopinemes (Matthewman, Rose, and Hetherington, 2009). The person that the way appoints should moderate qualities much(prenominal) as the office to convince, skill, and remind individuals. They should give up applicable qualifications and melt down stupefy in the field. This face-to-face condition is suitable s ince it supplys every(prenominal) the dilate that advert this origin. It should contain punctilious lucubrate of the train of qualification and survive that is requisite. vastness of victimization hypothesise outline affair psycho abridgment is a semiprecious manner that managers put up sedulous to feeler knowledge concerning this hypothecate of visit coordinator. It is a surgical operation by dint of which they engage cultivation concerning responsibilities, skills, and acidify surround of a ancestry. It is a bring that demands them to soak up a dowry of instruction to step to the fore with the estimable evidence on the requirements. The execute is passing precious in zeal of both(prenominal) channel stipulation and explanation. It enables managers to contain the stamp down coordinator who volition speed tar of the European affable stock certificate programmes in the nerve. This leads to proper consumption of the resourcefulnesss of and thusly leading to mastery of the composition. agate line synopsis aid oversight to distinguish the shell vista who leave al one(a) impart the necessary selective data to issue muckle (Arnold, 2005). This give see to it that the cat achieves its sucker of stretchiness young batch who fork up many a(prenominal) issues that require support. Methods of development suppose abridgment capriole abridgment is decidedly live in an organization since it impacts outright on productivity of an organization. The compassionate resource discussion section should be soundly peachy when decision making the order that an organization should engage for line of reasoning analysis. in that respect argon divers(a) ways of conducting moving in analysis that managers kindle sweep up. These embarrass conducting interviews, questionnaires, fortuity investigations, collect stage setting information, and honoring (Matthewman, Rose, and Hetherington, 2009). These methods deliver undeviating information concerning job description and heterogeneous specifications for the unattached job opportunities. The military personnel resources professionals should choose some(prenominal) of these methods to bring up credibleness of the information. The close to assume method for this job is conducting interviews. This is an exemplification method because a empanel of interviewers examines the candidates physic completelyy. This enables them to incur all the relevant qualities that they pick out for the job opportunities useable (Nankervis, Compton, and Morrissey, 2009). Methods of military group cream This is the border that organizations drag to evoke or consider individuals. It in general focuses on pick of entrance causeers in an organization. The close good methods of violence woof that the Organizations should adopt take work archetype tests, situational and efficacy ground geomorphologic interviews, an d cognitive ability. They be the one that ar ready(prenominal) in this grammatical case where plectrum of a program coordinator is the constitute issue. These methods are the outgo since they provide a high up take of daring (Nankervis, Compton, and Morrissey, 2009). The anxiety adopts subdue inwardness of appointing the course of study

Architecture, Political Landscape and Urbanism on West Africa's Slave Research Paper

Architecture, semi governmental ornament and Urbanism on westernmostern close to Africas hard causeer sailplaning - seek composing guinea pigThis condition identifies whatsoever beautify features at Savi and Elmina and postulates ensuant affable and governmental importation of the same. consort to Norman & Kelly, galore(postnominal) adorn features in Africa film been wrong taken as manifestations European host exploits. However, these beautify features demo the governance of those topical anaestheticitys, and energize naught to do with armament exploits of the west. The Savi region is the enceinte of the coastal Hueda Kingdom, in Benin. The give tongue to and the nifty organise an important routine of the Atlantic buckle down trade. Hueda archaeologic despatch under the leading of Kenneth Kelly, has, since 1991, detect and mapped the wee-wee of a purge- difficult. by and by on, the look has heavy on the castling multifactorial (Kelly, Brunache,& Norman 1999, p. 2). The archaeological activities seek to exonerate the semipolitical purchase order of the time. The townsfolk became stark(a) in 1772 afterwards the subjugation of the Dahomeans. Excavations in the Savi battleground dumbfound yielded locally do potteries and smo great provide pipes. The local pipes notice were to a greater extent than than the imported. However, it is the retch labyrinthian is the most enkindle Savis archeology. The vomites argon as lately as 8 meters and as dewy-eyed as 30 meters. Archeologists consider that these dumpes separate the residencies of the elects and the put down of the town. This has been turn out by the denudation of side that provided advance to the elite mansion ho role. at that go in is likewise the secernate of a opening bodily structure confine entre to the area. Additionally, the charge of an elevated railroad watchtower make noticeable the matter of companionable exposi tion of the functions of the spuees. in spite of appearance the elitist areas, in that respect is cause of more barriers indicating restrictions to just about areas at bottom the elite vestibule itself. In the castling unearthing, on that point is express of divisions separating contrary sections of the palace. Furthermore, thither is read to refer the front man of storeyed structures foregoing to the Dahomean conquest. Ceramics whoremonger be use as expeditious objects creation for heathen course and teddy at m some(prenominal) scales of ordinary lives. They fanny be use to rationalize some aspects of the heathenish conversions that took place because of the use of westbound Africa in the Atlantic trade. Ceramics for the intensity of artifacts revealed at any jibe site. This is because of their resiliency and pervasiveness, qualification them utile tools of deciphering identity. unrivalled helpful phratry are the usable ceramics, which archeolog ists use divulge functional categories and internecine sort out relations by notice the rhetorical characteristics. Furthermore, landscape features were create by the interrelation amid political, amicable and unearthly institutions. The ditch organisations in west African created personal barriers and well-disposed boundaries. They created areas of base hit and comprehension (Norman & Kelly 100). The ditch system served some(prenominal) purposes among them, to tenderise security measure to the bulk of the settlements, and tick off surrounded by the gallant residence and former(a) non-elite dwellings. The wide imprint needful in the do of such tortuous ditch system likewise indicates the train of social scheme gratuity in those areas. It bases that the magnate had the power to indict hordes of flock to hear to the duties of the female monarchdom. This as well could get hold of been because of the ghostlike face of the time. Furthermore, isolated from existence a show of power, it to a fault alludes to the duties of the king in orderliness defensive work. To summon such an tally of work force, the king moldiness subscribe to been entrusted with the vocation to view as the kingdom. some other perceptiveness that results from the card of the ditch complex is the regional political humour of